|
Name of scientist
|
Year
|
Topic of study or
discovery
|
|
Emil Adolf Von Behring
|
1901
|
Serum therapy for giving acquired passive immunity
against diphtheria.
|
|
Sir Ronald Ross
|
1902
|
Study of life cycle of malaria. He laid the foundation for successful research on this
disease and methods of combating it.
|
|
Niels Ryberg Finsen
|
1903
|
Treatment of dermal diseases (especially lupus vulgaris) with light radiation.
|
|
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov
|
1904
|
Physiology of digestion.
|
|
Robert Koch
|
1905
|
Studies on tuberculosis
|
|
Camillo Golgi and Ramon
Cajal
|
1906
|
Structure of nervous system and control mechanism
|
|
E. Buchner
|
1907
|
Named Zymase enzyme of yeast
|
|
Charles Louis Alphonse
Laveran
|
Role of protozoans in causing diseases
|
|
|
Paul Ehrlich and Ilya
Metchnikoff
|
1908
|
Work on body resistance and phagocytosis (work on immunity)
|
|
Emil Theodor Kocher
|
1909
|
Physiology, pathology and surgery of thyroid gland
|
|
Albrecht Kossel
|
1910
|
Chemistry of cell nucleus (including proteins,
purines and pyrimidines)
|
|
Allvar Gullstrand
|
1911
|
Study of Dioptrics of eye
|
|
Alexis Carrel
|
1912
|
Vascular suture and transplantation of blood vessels
and organs
|
|
Charles Robert Richet
|
1913
|
Work on Anaphylaxis
|
|
Robert Barany
|
1914
|
Physiology and pathology of vestibular apparatus
|
|
1915-18
not awarded
|
||
|
Jules Bordet
|
1919
|
Discoveries relating to immunology
|
|
Schack August &
Steenberg Krogh
|
1920
|
Anatomy and physiology of blood capillaries (capillary motor regulating mechanism)
|
|
1921 not
awarded
|
||
|
Archibald Vivian Hill
|
1922
|
discovery relating to the production of heat in the
muscle
|
|
Otto Meyerhof
|
Study of correlation between oxygen consumption and
metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle cells.
|
|
|
Sir Frederick Grant
Banting and John James Richard Macleod
|
1923
|
Discovery of insulin
|
|
Wilhelm Einthoven
|
1924
|
ECG
|
|
1925 not
awarded
|
||
|
Johannes Andreas Grib
Fibiger
|
1926
|
Cancer, discovery of Spiroptera carcinoma
|
|
T. Svedberg
|
Discovery of centrifuge
|
|
|
Julius Wagner-Jauregg
|
1927
|
Therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica
|
|
Charles Jules Henri
Nicolle
|
1928
|
Research on typhus
|
|
Christiaan Eijkman
|
1929
|
Discovery of the antineuritic vitamin
|
|
Sir Frederick Gowland
Hopkins
|
Discovery of growth stimulating vitamins
|
|
|
Karl Landsteiner
|
1930
|
ABO blood groups in man
|
|
Otto Heinrich Warburg
|
1931
|
Nature and action of respiratory enzymes
|
|
Edgar Douglas Adrian and Sir Charles Scott Sherrington
|
1932
|
Physiology of nervous system (functions of neurons)
|
|
Thomas Hunt Morgan
|
1933
|
Role of chromosomes in heredity
|
|
William Parry Murphy, George Richards Minot & George Hoyt Whipple
|
1934
|
Liver therapy against anaemia
|
|
Hans Spemann
|
1935
|
Discovery of organiser effect in embryonic
development
|
|
Sir Henry Hallett
Dale & Otto Loewi
|
1936
|
Transmission of nerve impulses by chemical
transmitter
|
|
Albert von
Szent-Györgyi Nagyrapolt
|
1937
|
For his discoveries in connection with the biological
combustion processes, and
chemical changes in muscle contraction
with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid.
|
|
Corneille Jean
François Heymans
|
1938
|
Role of carotid sinus in regulation of respiration
|
|
Gerhard Domagk
|
1939
|
Antibacterial effects of sulphonamide drugs (prontosil)
|
|
1940-42
not awarded
|
||
|
Henrik Carl Peter Dam
|
1943
|
Discovery of vitamin K
|
|
Edward Adelbert Doisy
|
Chemical nature of vitamin K
|
|
|
Herbert Spencer
Gasser & Joseph Erlanger
|
1944
|
Discoveries relating to differentiated functions of
single nerve fibre
|
|
Sir Alexander Fleming, Ernst Boris Chain & Sir Howard Walter
Florey
|
1945
|
Penicillin and its curative effect in some
infectious diseases
|
|
Hermann Joseph Muller
|
1946
|
Production of mutations by X-ray irradiations in
Drosophila
|
|
Sumner J.B
|
1946
|
Crystallised the first enzyme urease, suggested that
enzymes are structurally proteins
|
|
Carl Ferdinand Cori & Gerty Theresa Cori,
née Radnitz
|
1947
|
Catalytic conversion of glycogen (Cori cycle)
|
|
Bernardo Alberto
Houssay
|
Discovery of the part played by the hormone of the
anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar
|
|
|
Paul Hermann Muller
|
1948
|
Properties of DDT as contact insecticide
|
|
Walter Rudolf Hess
|
1949
|
Discovery of the functional organization of the
interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs
|
|
Antonio Caetano
de Abreu Freire Egas Moniz
|
Discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in
certain psychoses
|
|
|
Edward Calvin Kendall, Tadeus Reichstein & Philip Showalter
Hench
|
1950
|
Hormones of adrenal cortex, their structure and
biological effects
|
|
Max Theiler
|
1951
|
Yellow fever and methods to control it
|
|
Selman Abraham
Waksman
|
1952
|
Discovery of streptomycin- first antibiotic
effective against tuberculosis
|
|
Fritz Albert Lipmann
|
1953
|
Discovery of coenzyme A and its role in metabolism
of carbohydrates
|
|
Hans Adolf Krebs
|
Krebs’ cycle
|
|
|
John Franklin Enders, Thomas Huckle Weller & Frederick Chapman
Robbins
|
1954
|
Ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in tissue
culture
|
|
Axel Hugo Theodor
Theorell
|
1955
|
Nature and mode of action of oxidative enzymes in
the cell
|
|
André Frédéric
Cournand, Werner Forssmann & Dickinson W. Richards
|
1956
|
Heart catheterization and pathological changes in
circulatory system
|
|
Daniel Bovet
|
1957
|
Action of some synthetic substances on vessels and
muscles
|
|
George Wells Beadle & Edward Lawrie Tatum
|
1958
|
Genes act by regulating definite chemical events (One gene one enzyme concept)
|
|
Joshua Lederberg
|
Lederberg and Tautum gave genetic recombination in
bacteria
|
|
|
Severo Ochoa & Arthur Kornberg
|
1959
|
In vitro synthesis
of polynucleotides of nucleic acids
|
|
Sir Frank Macfarlane
Burnet & Peter Brian Medawar
|
1960
|
Discovery of acquired immunity tolerance to tissue
transplant
|
|
1961
|
discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation
within the cochlea (internal ear)
|
|
|
Calvin M.
|
1961
|
Discovered the path of carbon in photosynthesis
|
|
Francis Harry Compton
Crick, James Dewey Watson & Maurice Hugh
Frederick Wilkins
|
1962
|
Double helical model of DNA and its significance for information transfer in living
material
|
|
Sir John Carew Eccles, Alan Lloyd Hodgkin & Andrew Fielding
Huxley
|
1963
|
Transmission of nerve impulses along nerve fibre
(Concerning the
ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the nerve cell
membrane)
|
|
Konrad Bloch & Feodor Lynen
|
1964
|
Biosynthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids
|
|
François Jacob, André Lwoff & Jacques Monod
|
1965
|
Operon concept; genetic regulation of coenzymes
|
|
Peyton Rous
|
1966
|
Discovery of tumour-inducing viruses (first oncogenic virus- Rous Sarcoma virus (RSV)
|
|
Charles Brenton
Huggins
|
Causes and hormonal
treatment of prostatic cancer
|
|
|
Ragnar Granit, Haldan Keffer
Hartline & George Wald
|
1967
|
Chemical and physiological visual processes in eye.
|
|
Robert W. Holley, Har Gobind Khorana & Marshall W. Nirenberg
|
1968
|
Deciphering of genetic code and its function in
protein synthesis; Holley got Nobel prize for giving the structure of RNA.
|
|
Max Delbrück, Alfred D. Hershey & Salvador E. Luria
|
1969
|
Reproduction in viruses (replication mechanism and the genetic structure of
viruses)
|
|
Julius Axelrod, Bernard Kartz and von Euler
|
1970
|
Humoral transmitter substances and their role nerve terminals
|
|
Norman Borlaugh
|
Nobel prize in peace for developing high yielding,
Mexican dwarf disease resistant varieties of wheat like Sonora 64 and Lerma
Rojo.
|
|
|
Earl W. Sutherland,
Jr.
|
1971
|
Role of cyclic AMP in hormone action
|
|
Gerald M. Edelman & Rodney R. Porter
|
1972
|
Chemical structure of antibodies (immunoglobulins)
|
|
Karl von Frisch, Konrad Lorenz & Nikolaas Tinbergen
|
1973
|
Organisation and elicitation of individual dancing
movements and social behaviour pattern in insects
|
|
Albert Claude, Christian de Duve & George E. Palade
|
1974
|
Ultrastructure of cell and structural and functional
organisation of cell.
|
|
David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco & Howard Martin Temin
|
1975
|
Concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the
genetic material of the cell (Reverse
transcription and tumor viruses)
|
|
Baruch S. Blumberg & D. Carleton Gajdusek
|
1976
|
Origin and dissemination of cancer and infectious
diseases
|
|
Roger Guillemin & Andrew V. Schally
|
1977
|
Peptide hormone production in brain
|
|
Rosalyn Yalow
|
For the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide
hormones
|
|
|
Werner Arber, Daniel Nathans & Hamilton O. Smith
|
1978
|
Restriction endonucleases enzymes that break giant
molecules DNA into manageable pieces and produce sticky ends.
|
|
Allan M. Cormack & Godfrey N. Hounsfield
|
1979
|
Development of computerised assisted tomography
(CAT) scanner.
|
|
Baruj Benacerraf, Jean Dausset & George D. Snell
|
1980
|
Study of heredity qualities determining
transplantability of tissue between individuals and affect susceptibility of
persons to important group of diseases.
|
|
Sanger
|
Nobel prize in chemistry twice- one for structure of
insulin (1958) and second time for base sequence in DNA (1980)
|
|
|
David H. Hubel & Torsten N. Wiesel
|
1981
|
Collaborative discoveries concerning information
processing in visual system.
|
|
Roger W. Sperry
|
Functional specialisation of cerebral hemispheres.
|
|
|
Sune K. Bergstrom, Bengt I. Samuelsson & John R. Vane
|
1982
|
Isolation and identification of numerous
prostaglandins and study of their biological effects
|
|
Klug A.
|
1982
|
Nucleic acids and protein complexes
|
|
Barbara McClintock
|
1983
|
She is called Lady Mendel as she was first lady
geneticist. She discovered mobile genetic elements (floating genes or jumping
genes or Transposon) in Maize
|
|
Niels K. Jerne, Georges J.F. Köhler & César Milstein
|
1984
|
Specificity in development and control of immune
system and iscovery of principle for production of monoclonal antibodies
|
|
Michael S. Brown & Joseph L. Goldstein
|
1985
|
Regulation of cholesterol metabolism and cholesterol
related diseases
|
|
Stanley Cohen & Rita Levi-Montalcini
|
1986
|
Discovery of growth factors
|
|
Susumu Tonegawa
|
1987
|
Discovery of the genetic principle for generation of
antibody diversity and
body’s immune defence.
|
|
Deisenhoffer J.,
R. Huber and
H. Michel
|
1988
|
Determination of 3D structure of photosynthetic
reaction centre
|
|
Sir James W. Black, Gertrude B. Elion & George H. Hitchings
|
For discoveries leading to a series of new drugs and
their effects
|
|
|
Cech and Altmann
|
1989
|
Nobel prize in chemistry for the remarkable
discovery of RNA acting as catalytic enzyme and thus the monopoly of enzyme
to be protein is changed. Ribozyme and rnase-P are 2 such non-protein enzymes
|
|
J. Michael Bishop & Harold E.
Varmus
|
Discovered oncogenes related with cancer
|
|
|
Joseph E. Murray & E. Donnall Thomas
|
1990
|
Discovery of medicine for organ and cell
transplantation. Dr. Murray made first successful human kidney transplant in
identical twins
|
|
Erwin Neher & Bert Sakmann
|
1991
|
Function of single ion channel in the cells
|
|
Edmond H. Fischer & Edwin G. Krebs
|
1992
|
Reverse protein phosphorylation with respect to ATP
generator.
|
|
Richard J. Roberts & Phillip A. Sharp
|
1993
|
Deciphering eukaryotic gene structure and discovered
split genes (having exons and introns) in eukaryotes
|
|
Kary B. Mullis
|
Developed technique called polymerase chain reaction
(PCR). This allows to take millions of copies of DNA within hours
|
|
|
Smith M.
|
Developed site directed mutagenesis. This allows
scientists to choose sites for producing mutations
|
|
|
Alfred G. Gilman & Martin Rodbell
|
1994
|
Discovery of
G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in
cells"
|
|
Edward B. Lewis, Christiane
Nusslein-Volhard & Eric F. Wieschaus
|
1995
|
Genetic mechanism to control
early embryonic development using Drosophila
|
|
Peter C. Doherty and
Rolf M. Zinkerangel
|
1996
|
They discovered how the body detects virus-infected
cells (discoveries
concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence). Their discovery has laid a foundation for the construction of
improved vaccines and new therapies against cancer, multiple sclerosis and
diabetes.
|
|
Stanley Prusiner
|
1997
|
He discovered ‘prions’ (a new biological principle of infection) which are proteins having no RNA or DNA
|
|
Robert E. Furchgott,
Louis J. Ignarro and Ferid Murad
|
1998
|
“Nitric oxide
as a signalling molecule” in the cardiovascular system and their
discoveries led to the use of the Viagra an anti-impotence drug
|
|
Gunter Blobel
|
1999
|
Proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their
transport and localization in the cell (contributed to the understanding of a
number of human diseases including cystic fibrosis, Alzheimer’s disease and
AIDS).
|
|
Carrison. A, Paul
Greengard and Eric Kandel
|
2000
|
Carrison: discovered dopamine
Kandel: discovered neurotransmitters.
Greengard: transmission of impulses by neurotransmitters
|
|
Hartwell L., Timothy
Hunt and Paul Nurse
|
2001
|
Discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle
|
|
Sydney Brenner,
H. Robert Howvitz and
John E. Sulzton
|
2002
|
Discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ
development and programmed cell death
|
|
Paul Lautebur and Peter
Mansfield
|
2003
|
Discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging
|
|
Linda Buck and Richard
Axel
|
2004
|
Discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of
the olfactory system
|
|
Barry J. Marshell, J.
Robbin Warren
|
2005
|
Discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and
its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease
|
|
Andrew Fair, Craig
Mellow
|
2006
|
Discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by
double-stranded RNA
|
|
Mario R. Capecchi,
Sir Martin J. Evans &
Oliver Smithies
|
2007
|
Discoveries of
principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of
embryonic stem cells
|
|
Luke Montainer &
Barray Sinoosi
|
2008
|
Discovered HIV.
|
|
Harold Sir Hossen
|
Discovered Papiloma virus responsible for uterus
cancer.
|
|
|
Elizabeth H.
Blackburn, Jack W. Szostak & Carol W. Greider
|
2009
|
Discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres
and the enzyme telomerase
|
|
Robert G. Edwards
|
2010
|
Development of in
vitro fertilization
|
|
Bruce A. Beutler, Jules A. Hoffmann
|
2011
|
Discoveries concerning
the activation of innate immunity
|
|
Ralph M. Steinman
|
Discovery of the
dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity
|
|
|
Sir John B Gurdon & Shinya Yamanaka
|
2012
|
For the discovery
that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent.
|
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