Equilibrium - Physcis

Equilibrium: 

    Shows an iron ring on which two equal forces are acting in opposite directions. Obviously the ring will remain at rest. This shows that both the forces F 1 and F 2 cancel the effect of each other and the ring remains at rest. This is only possible if forces F 1 and F 2 are equal and opposite and acting along the same line. In this case the resultant of these forces is Zero.

    In case the two forces acting on the ring were not equal, the ring would move in the direction of the greater force. In the first case we say that the ring is in equilibrium while in the second one it is not in equilibrium. Every body will be in equilibrium if the forces acting on it must cancel the effect of each other. In order words, there is no unbalanced force acting on the body when it is in equilibrium. This was an example of static equilibrium. 
    For further elaboration of bodies in equilibrium, let us consider a car moving on a road with uniform velocity. Hence also two forces are acting on the car in horizontal direction. The force of engine is acting in the forward direction while the force of friction between road and types is acting backward. These two forces, being equal and opposite cancel the effect of each other and the car moves with uniform velocity. If these forces were not equal, the velocity of the car would not remain uniform. Here the car is an example of dynamic equilibrium. From the above examples it is clear that if a body maintains its state of rest or of uniform motion and does not rotate about its axis of rotation under the influence of these forces then it is said to be in equilibrium. In such a state, the resultant of all the forces acting on the body must be equal to zero and the torque acting on the body must also be zero. The concept of torque will dealt in the next section.
Examples of Bodies In Equilibrium: 
    Consider a book of weight 5 n lying on a table. There are two forces acting on the book. One is the force gravity acting downward and other is the reaction of the table acting upward. As the book is at rest, therefore both the forces cancel the effect of the each other and the book is in equilibrium. This is an example of static equilibrium.

• Two forces act upon the book, the force of gravity downward and equal force by the table upward.
• After a parachute opens and falls a certain distance, it moves downward thereafter with uniform velocity.

     Now consider the jumping of a paratrooper form an Aeroplane. After jumping from the aeroplane, the parachute is not opened for some time. During this period the paratrooper falls freely downward with an acceleration due to gravity of earth. On opening the parachute, the acceleration of the paratrooper will start decreasing due to the reaction of the air acting upward on the parachute. This reaction of air on the parachute depends upon the velocity of the parachute.

Read More

Behaviour Of Gases - Chemistry

Behaviour Of Gases:

    The assumptions of kinetic theory account for most of the properties associated with gases and we can obtain better understanding of gas behaviour. 

Diffusibility:

    The distribution or spreading of gas molecules through out the vessel is  known as the diffusion. Unlike liquids or solids, the gases diffuse very rapidly. A drop of perfume for instance, slowly evaporates out the fragrant gas announces the presence of wearer. It is due to the diffusion of perfume through the air.

    In terms of kinetic theory, diffusion is explained as follows. The molecules of a gas are widely separated and there are large empty spaces due to which they are free to move. Due to this free movement the molecules of gases intermingle and spread out easily throughout the vessel. The opposite of diffusion is effusion in which a gas passes through the pores or tiny holes in the vessel, the air effuses from the tire as a result of which the tire loses pressure gradually.

Compressibility: 

    In contract to liquids or solids, all the gases are easily compressed or squeezed. In terms of "Kinetic theory" gases are easily compressed due to large empty spaces. By applying pressure, the molecule come closer. Air, for instance is squeezed into automobile tires. When the tire is punctured, the air rushes out. It is the reverse of compressibility - the expansibility, thus volumes of gases are highly affected by the changes in pressure.  Volume is measured in cubic decimetres, dm3 or cubic centimetres, cm3 (1 dm3 =1000 cm3).

Pressure: 

    All the gases exert pressure. It may appear surprising but it is a fact that we are being pressed upon by an enormously heavy blanked of atmosphere. The mass of atmosphere on our body at steal level and at 0 c is 14.7 psi (Pounds per square inch) or there is about 20 tons total pressure on our bodies.  

    When a gas is confined in a closed container, it exerts pressure on the walls of the container which is due to the collisions of gas molecules with the walls. The tires of automobiles are filled with air until the gauge shows the pressure of about 28 psi. This means that the pressure inside the tire is 28 psi greater than the outside pressure since the external atmospheric pressure is 14.7 psi, hence the total pressure inside the tire is 28 + 14.7 = 42.7 psi.

     Since pressure is defined as a force pushing on a unit of area, therefore pressure may be measured in psi, kilo grams per square meter (kg / m2). The unit is however newtons per square meter (N / m2 or pascals, Pa). Since units of a newton of force are kg. m/s , the S.I units of pressure are :

Pressure= Force/Area = newton/m2 = Kg m s2/ m2 = kg/ ms2

Normal atmospheric pressure at sea level at 273 K is expressed in several ways.

Read More