Reading Comprehension - Passage about the Pakistan food Conditions

The public distribution system, which provides food at low prices, is a subject of vital concern. There is a growing realization that though Pakistan has enough food to feed its masses three square meals a day, the monster of starvation and food insecurity continues to haunt the poor in our country. 

     Increasing the purchasing power of the poor through providing productive employment leading to rising income, and thus good standard of living is the ultimate objective of public policy. However, till then, there is a need to provide assured supply of food through a restructured more efficient and decentralized public distribution system (PDS).
       Although the PDS is extensive - it is one of the largest such systems in the world - it has yet to reach the rural poor and the far off places. It remains an urban phenomenon, with the majority of the rural poor still out of its reach due to lack of economic and physical access. The poorest in the cities and the migrants are left out, for they generally don't posses ration cards. The allocation of PDS supplies in big cities is larger than in rural areas. In view of such deficiencies in the system, the PDS urgently needs to be streamlined. In addition, considering the larger food grains production combined with food subsidy on one hand and the continuing slow starvation and dismal poverty of the rural population on the other, there is a strong case for making PDS target group oriented. 
       The growing salaried class is provided job security, regular income, and percent insulation against inflation. These gains of development have not percolated down to the vast majority of our working population.
          If one compares only dearness allowance to the employees in public and private sector and looks at its growth in the past few years, the rising food subsidy is insignificant to the point of inequity. The food subsidy is a kind of D.A to the poor, the self - employed and those in the unorganized sector of the economy. However, what is most unfortunate is that out of the large budget of the so called food subsidy, the major part of it is administrative cost and westages. A small portion of the above budget goes to the  real consumer and an even lesser portion to the poor who are in real need.
            If is true subsidies should not become a permanent feature, except for the destitute, disabled widows and the old. It is also true that subsidies often create a psychology of dependence and hence is habit-forming, killing the general initiative of the people.  By making PDS target group oriented, not only the poorest and neediest would be reached without additional cost, but it will actually cut overall costs incurred on large cities and for better off localities. When the food and food subsidy are limited the rural and urban poor should have the priority in the PDS supplies. The PDS should be closely linked with programs of employment generation and nutrition improvement.

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Reading Comprehension - Passages - Practice With Exercise

Democratic societies from the earliest times have expected their governments to protect the weal against the strong. No 'era of good feeling' can justify disc haring the police force or giving up the idea of public control over concentrated private wealth. On the other hand, it is obvious that a spirit of self denial and moderation on the part of those who hold economic power will greatly soften the demand for absolute quality. Men are more interested in freedom and security than in an equal distribution of wealth, The extent to which Government must interfere with business, therefore is not exactly measured by the extent to which economic power is concentrated into a few hands. The required degree of government interference depends mainly on whether economic powers are oppressively used, and on the necessity of keeping economic factors in a tolerable state of balance.

              However, with the necessity of meeting all these dangers and threats to liberty, the powers of government are unavoidably increased, whichever political party may be in office. The growth of government is a necessary result  of the growth of technology  and of the problems that go with the use of machines and science. Since the Government in our nation, must take on more powers to meets its problems, there is no way to preserve freedom except by making democracy more powerful.

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Reading Comprehension Exercise (Passage No: 1)

Questions / MCQS 

1. Before man invented writing

A. Literature was passed on by word of mouth.

B. Prayers were considered literature.

C. Literature was just singing and dancing.

D. There was no literature.

2. As for war songs and prayers each generation.

A. Added something of its own to the stock.

B. Blindly repeated the songs and prayers.

C. Composed its own songs and prayers.

D. Repeated what has handed down to it.

3. The first war-song.

A. Was inspired by God.

B. Developed spontaneously.

C. Was a song traditionally handed down.

D. Was composed by leading dancers.

4. The war song evolved out of 

A. Creative inspiration

B. There was no literature

C. Artistic urge

D. Yelling and shouting.

5. Man invented writing because he wanted

A. To be artistic

B. To write war song

C. To write literature

D. To record and communicate

6. The word 'measure' in the context of the passage means.

A. Weight

B. Rhythm

C. Size

D. Quantity

         Answers

1. C

2. A

3. B

4. D

5. D

6. B

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Reading Comprehension - Passages, Practice For Entrance Exam - ECAT and MCAT

The history of literature really began was the earliest of the arts. Man danced for joy round his primitive camp fire after the defeat and slaughter of his enemy, He yelled and shouted as he danced and gradually the yells and shouts became coherent and caught the measure of the dance and thus the first war song was sung. As the idea of God developed prayers were framed. The songs and prayers became traditional and were repeated from one generation to another, each generation adding something of its own. 

       As man slowly grew more civilized, he was compelled to invent some method of writing by three urgent necessities. There were certain things that it is dangerous to forget and which, therefore had to be recorded. It was often necessary to communication with persons who were some distance away and it was necessary to protect one's property by making tools, cattle and so on, in some distinctive manner. So man taught himself to write and having learned to write purely for utilitarian reasons he used this new method for preserving his war songs and his prayers. Of course, among these ancient people, there were only a very few individuals who learned to write, and only a few could read what was written.

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The Character Of Happy Life (Summary)

The Character Of Happy Life (Summary)

    This is one of the best known poems of sir Henry wot ten. In this poem he describes the life and character of a really happy person. In his open ion, the happy man in the real sense is he who is slave to none. He is free in his thinking and ideas. He keeps his emotions under his control. He has no lush of name or fame. He does not allow any one to flatter him. He keeps his life free from scandals. He prays God for heavenly rewards. His best companions are religious books and true friends. He is free from all slavish ties. He neither aspires to rise to higher status nor he is afraid of his down fall. In the end sir Henry Wot ten says that from Wordy point of view he has nothing but spiritually he was complete satisfaction. So, happiness is not hidden under the heaps of gold and silver. It is the state of mind which is gained by gallant virtues of life.

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Lucy Gray (Summary)

William Words Worth is great writer of romantic age. He is called the poet  nature for he has interpreted nature in almost all his poems.

     'Lucy Gray' is closer to the northern ballads. It describes the tragedy of a Little girl Lucy Gray. She lived on a wild plain her parents. Once her mother had gone to the nearby town for some work. Her father asked her to go to the town as he felt the coming night would he stormy night. Being an obedient child, she gladly set out for the town but unfortunately the storm came before its expected time. She wandered up and down but she was overtaken by the storm and lost her way.

    When the storm was over and she did not return her parents started searching for her. At last when they were returning home, her mother found the foot-marks of Lucy's feet on the snow. They followed these foot marks till they reached into the middle of a wooden bridge. They found that in the middle of the bridge a plank had been broken and there after the foot prints were not seen. It means she drowned in the stream.

    In the end of the poem, the poet says that since this tragic event, it is the belief of some people that she is still alive. Whenever such strong wind blows, she also comes there and sings a sad song which echoes in the stormy wind and never looks behind.

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Lines From The Deserted Village (Summary)

Oliver Gold Smith is a great poet of his age. He was born in Island. He transferred and Irish to an English setting.

    Is this poem the poet remembers his loveliest village, Auburn and the happy days of his youth. He says that his my village was the most beautiful village of the area. It was very fertile land. The villagers, In spite of hard work and hard life were very happy with their simple delights of life. When ever they were free, they engaged many games and usually used to play these games under the shades of trees. They cut jokes after they physical activities. When they were tired of playing games, they used to take enjoyment from dancing. There were also sights of love making. When sky girls used to look through the corners of their eyes at their lovers.

    In the end the poet regrets that such charms are no more to be seen. All these charms are fled away on account of the fallen prey to social evils and the village has been ruined. The poet says that princes or Lords are not as important as the farmers are. The poet says that the Lords or princes may flourish or may fade, it makes no difference but the farmers who are the back bone of their country, if they arew destroyed, can never be brought back to play their effective role in the development of their country.

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Under The Green Wood Tree (Summary)

William Shakespeare is regarded as the greatest dramatist in English literature. This song is taken from his popular comedy 'As you like it'. The song is sung by lord Amiens in the forest of Arden, living in exile, along with the banished duke.

    In this poem the poet presents a contract between city or court life and the life in the forest. He praises the life of forest and says that there is no one hatch conspiracies against them. They have no rivals in the forest. They are enjoying a very peaceful life. They are exchanging their songs with the happy songs of birds. So, Lord Amiens invites the people to come and join him. He invites those who can  give up the worldly desires, who can bear the heat of sun, who can work with their own hands for their needs of life. They only trouble in the forest is of winter and bad weather. They will have to live under the shed of trees but they will get rid of human hidden enemies. Only they have to face the troubles of season which are common in the forest.

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The Abbot Of Canterbury (Summary)

This poem is written by an anonymous poet which tells us an interesting story about king John, the cruel king of England and the abbot of Canterbury. Once the conspirators poisoned the ears of king John against the abbot  of Canterbury. They informed him that Abbot had grown very rich and he was gaining popularity among of area. Therefore he decided to kill him. King John called the Abbot in his court and put the charge of treason on him. The Abbot refused the charge of treason but he put him three typical questions and laid the conditions. Then he would be beheaded and his property would be confiscated. In the first question King wanted to know his exact price. Secondly how much time it would take him to travel around the world. Thirdly the king asked him what he was thinking at that time King John, how ever, gave him three weeks time.

   The Abbot was very confused. He went to Oxford and Cambridge Universities, but he could not get the answer of the questions. When he was returning towards his home, he met his shepherd who resembled him very much. When he knew the problem of his master, he proposed to appear before king John on behalf of his master.

    At last shepherd appeared in the shape of Abbot before the King. He could not not recognise the shepherd and gave him answer of his questions.

    To the first question, he replied the value of the king was only twenty nine pence and he proved his answer by quoting the example of Christ who was sold for only thirty pence. Secondly, he told the king that he would require only twenty four hours to have a complete round of the earth to prove his answer. Thirdly, he told the king that he was thinking him the Abbot of Canterbury, where as he was his poor shepherd. The king was very pleased by his answers. The King gave him a pension of four nobles a week and pardoned the Abbot of Canterbury.

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Rudolf Rassendyll - Character of the Novel (The Prisoner Of Zenda)

Rudolf Rassendyll

Introduction: 

  Rudolf Rassendyll the foremost character of the novel, is the best creation of Anthony Hope Hawkins. Anthony has presented him in such way that he has become immortal in the field of English literature. Anthony Hope has stolen all the sincerity, faithfulness and generosity of this earth to create the character of Rassendyll and make his character to all times to come, a dynamic, smart, handsome and bold hero of the novel, who captures the attention of the reader at the very outset. And as the novel moves our interest grows in his personality. Rassendyll is a young man of about twenty nine and belongs to an aristocratic family. He is highly educated and excellent mark man, skillful sword man and an expert horseman. He is tall, handsome and smart. He has red hair and a long sharp nose, a trait typical of the members of the royal family of Ruritania.

A Cheerful fellow: 

   Rassendyll does not take life seriously. He is rather careless, therefore he is fond of outings, excursions and adventures. But as he begins playing the part of the king of Ruritania, he becomes very serious and sensible.

A daring man: 

  Rassendyll is a brave man and gives evidences of his bravery on many occasions. For instance, while fighting against six hirelings of the Black Michael, he is daring and passes a night in the moat. He is dauntless and goes to see Madam de Mauban in the "Summer House" at her invitation to collect secret information about king, and there he fights with the rogues. In the end of the novel he is fighting in the thick of fight. Even the Marshall praises him for his bravery. Princess Flavia is also enamored of his courage and bravery.

As a Lover: 

  Rassendyll is a carefree youth, but when he falls in love with Flavia, he gives his full devotion to her. He proves himself a true lover and explains through his behavior the real meaning of love, which is complete submission and devotion to the lover. It is the sincerity and nobility of Rassendyll the princess Flavia does not suspect of his impersonation. His love for her is pure, honest and selfless. It is free from lust and selfishness. He sacrifices his love for the will of Flavia and for the real king. It is rightly said, "Love is the supreme experience of life and when it is sacrificed" it is certainly a supreme sacrifice.

A sincere and Unselfish friend: 

  Rudolf Rassendyll is a sincere and unselfish man to the care of his heart. He is completely selfless and is not tempted at all when he becomes the king. He does not wish to remain the king for ever. On the other hand, he is anxious to release the king and handover the reins of Ruritania as soon as possible. He does not show any selfish motive. He tackles even even more awkward situation when the question of solemnization of betrothal with princes Flavia arises after coronation ceremony. In connection with this he finds himself in a very critical situation. In case of refused, he would have displeased the people who loved him. In other case, if he had admitted his relation with Flavia, it would have been dengerous and nobody even Flavia suspect him. In this way maintains the bond of friendship and his dignity.

As a King: 

  Rudolf Rassendyll proves himself worthy of the royal position of the king of Ruritania. He comes to Ruritania as a guest to attend the king's coronation ceremony, but the political events of the Country makes him the king of Ruritania. During his period, he shows his talents, faces probelms very bravely and at last achieves his sacred aim of getting Rudolf Elphberg released, who is make prisoner at Zenda. He plays his role so successfully and seriously that no body knows, it is pnly in the end that princess Flavia is told by Fritz the whole story when Rassendyll gets wounded and falls unconscious.

Conclusion: 

  In view of above, we can say that he is true hero of the novel and no other character in the novel is so sound, noble and worthy of admiration as Rassendyll.

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Act III Of The Silver Box (Summary)

Author:

   John Galsworthy is a well-known novelist and play writer. His work contains a great deal pf criticism of British society, particularly of the values of the well-to-do professional class. As a writer his greatest contribution to the philosophy of his period in his advocacy of solid ism. In plays, short stores as well as novels he has advocated on equitable distribution of wealth. He has great sympathics with the unfortunate, therefore the great novelist Joseph Con red calls him a "Humanitarian Novelist".

Summary: 

   Silver box is a powerful and bitter play. It is a criticism of the English legal system in which a distinction is made between the rich and the poor. The scene starts in London police court. Two little girls, there as lives and mand livens are presented before the magistrate. The charge against them was that they were found wondering about on the road. On enquiry it was found that their father is jobless and their mother had run away with a man leaving them to wonder about. The magistrate heard the statement of their father and the decision was postponed for the next hearing which was to be held after a week.

    After the case, the case of steeling a silver box came up for hearing. Mr. Jones was accused of theft. Mrs. Jones was a maid-servant in the house of Mr. Barth wick, a rich person and also a member of Parliament. His son, Jack is a carefree and dissolute young man. On Easter Monday, Jack reached at his home late at night in a drunken state. He was trying to open the door with the help of key, but failed to do so, On account of taking heavy quantity of wine. Mr. Jones was there, he helped him in opening the door. Jack invited him to his room for a drink. They drank together and jack fell a sleep. Jones was not in a condition to judge between right or wrong. He took the silver cigarette case as well as the purse with the money which was stolen by Jack of a women, and went home. In the morning the matter was reported to the police. A police man went to the house of Mr. Jones to find out the theft. The police man misbehaved Mrs. Jones, on account of this Mr. Jones assaulted the police man and was arrested for this ass ult. The police recovered the stolen things from the house. During the course of trail, it came to light that there was not only one theft. In fact there were two thefts of the same kind. Jack stole the purse of a woman in drunken state, similarly John took  the cigarette case and the stolen purse in a fit of drunkenness. Jones was not a thief because he did not enter the room to steal, but had an invitation from Jack for a drink. Mrs. Jones very strongly pleaded that her husband had never committed theft before.

    The case about Jack was hushed up by his influential father. He insisted that Jones might be tried simply of an ass ult to the police and creating hindrance in
the execution of official duty. So, after a long discussion, the magistrate set at Mrs. Jones free and orders one month imprisonment with hard labour for Mr. Jones, Jack went set free. Even the charge was not framed against him. Mrs. Jones also lost her job and thus a poor family completely destroyed.

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The World As I See It (Summary)

Author: 

  Abbe rt Einstein was born in Germany. He is the most famous scientist, mathematician physicist of the current century. He moved to the United States of America and became an American citizen. He contributed a lot to the field of science. His work was mostly based on reasoning and Mathematics. He was the man who put forward the theory of relativity. On account of his achievements in physics, he was awarded the Noble prize for physics in 1941.

Summary: 

   In the essay " The world as i see it" Einstein has expressed his personal views about the purpose and ideals of life, democracy and dictatorship, war and peace, mystery and religion.

   Eintein says that our stay in this world is very short. The life is not purposeless. We live for the sake of fellow beings because our happiness depends on the smiles and welfare of others. He thinks that his fellowman work very hard in order to make his life comfortable, so he must repay in the same measure. He is against class differences, which he thinks are contrary to justice and are based on force and compulsion. He believes in simple living. Philosophers believes in perfect freedom, but Einstein does not agree with them. He thinks the actions of an individual are determined by environment forces as well as by his natural urges. He believes in the philosophy of Schopenhauer who says that man is not master of his will.
   To author ease and comfort are not good ideals. He is away inspired by the ideals of truth, goodness and beauty. He loves mankind and believes that without the friendship of man life would have been extremely meaningless for him. property, outward success, and luxury are useless in his eyes. He loves solitude because  he thinks that a man can form his opinion habits and judgements without being influenced by any person if he leads a life of solitude. He is against the hero worship. He attributes the causes of the failures of democracy in Europe to the weak and incapable rules. He pays great tribute to the presidential form of government prevalent in America, where a president is elected for a sufficiently long period and en joy's sufficient powers. Therefore, he acts in a responsible manner. 
    He hates war. He says "War seems to me a mean and contemptible thing". He would rather die then take part in such hateful business. Wars break out because the sound sense of the nations has been corrupted by political and commercial interests. According to Einstein mystery is the basis of region. Man has always tried to know unknown and mysterious things results in a religious attitude. In this sense alone, Einstein is deeply religious person because he has tried to know the unknown.

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Fritz Van Tarlenhein - Character of The Novel (The Prisoner of Zenda)

Fritz Van Tarlenhein

Introduction: 

   Fritz Van Tarlenhein belongs to an aristocratic family of standsan. He is a soldier by profession. He is loyal to king and adept in his field. He has a loving heart which is full of sincerity.

Physical appearance: 

   Fritz is young, handsome and attractive. He has a well-built body and has pleasant manners.

As a Friend: 

    As a friend is very sincere. He appreciates Rudolf Rassendyll as he finds in him an openhearted and sincere man. This feeling soon becomes the cause of intimate friendship between the two, which is kept up by the two even Rassendyll leaves Ruritania and goes to England.

A Love able Character: 

   Fritz is young beautiful and has pleasant manners. He is very brave and courageous. He faces difficulties very bravely. He is the type of person whom we love respect, because of his openhearted sympathy and love for those who enter into honest dealings with him. He is most loveable and reliable character of the novel. He plays very active part in releasing the king and resting him to his throne. He earns confidence of his friends in general and of Rassendyll in particular, who loves him as his faithful friend. He is sincere and honest lover. His love for Helga is pure and honest. So he is the most love able character of the novel.

Loyal and Devoted to the King: 

   Fritz is fully devoted the king. he has great love and devotion for the king. When he learns that the king's life and position are in danger, he becomes impatient to help king. As long as the king is prisoner in the castle of Zenda, he is not able to devote his heart to anything except to form schemes and plans for releasing the king.

Conclusion: 

   From the study of Fritz's character we come to know that he is the youngest character of the novel, also very handsome and has pleasing manner. He is a sincere friend and courageous fellow. He has such a love able character that every reader begin to like him.

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Colonel Sapt - Character of The Novel (The Prisoner of Zenda)

Colonel Sapt

Introduction: 

  Colonel Sapt an experienced soldier, is an important character of the novel, "The Prisoner of Zenda". He is one of the faithful servants and well-wishes of king Elphberg. He plays a very active part in releasing the king. He is a short-statured, middle age but well-built man.

As a monarchist: 

   Sapt is a monarchist and serves for the cause of king and country with great  devotion. He is a brave and courageous soldier. Being a monarchist he makes hectic and sincere efforts for the restoration of the throne to Rudolf Elphberg the real king of Ruritania.

A faithful supporter of the king: 

   Colonel sapt is the strongest supporter of the king Rudolf Elphberg. He has great regard and profound love for the king. That is very is why he persuades Rassendyll to impersonate the the king, when Elphberg in under the full influence of wine, and is unable to go for his coronation ceremony. When Elpherg is impersioned in the castle of zenda, then sapt wants Rassendyll keep continue the impersonation to save the throne for the real king. In this way sapt all the schemes of Black Michael.

Very Sagacious Person: 

   Sapt is very sagacious man. He always takes wise steps. It is best quality that keeps him cool head and remains serious in the face of great dangers. He knows how to lead the youth and inexperienced. It is his plan in order to save the throne Rassendyll should impersonate the king. So, it is because of his sagacious steps, the coronation ceremony is not postponed and Michael's evil designers are frustrated.

A sincere and devoted Friend: 

   Colonet sapt is a sincere and devoted friend. With the passage of time he develops profound love for Rassendyll who saves the throne of Ruritania from being by Black Michael. After the restoration of the throne to the real King of Ruritania. When Rassendyll is about to leave. Colonel Sapt becomes very sad with tearful eyes he bids Rassendyll face well at the plate form of the station of Zenda. It is rightly said, sincerity is the essence of true friendship.

Conclusion:

   Colonel Sapt is an important character of the novel. He contributes a great deal in the development of story. We admire him for his courage, sincerity, bravery, wisdom and honesty. He leaves a profound effect on our memory.

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Princes Flavia - Character of The Novel (The Prisoner of Zenda)

Princess Flavia

Introduction:

   Princess Flavia is the most important and sensible female character of the novel. 'The Prisoner of Zenda'. She is angel-like and has bewitching beauty. She is cousin of Rudolf Elphberg, the real king of Ruritania and is the next heir to the throne. She is in her teens, but she is so graceful and dignified that she looks every inch a queen. By virtue of her character that she wins the respect of all those who come in contact with her.

A Polite and Intelligent girl: 

   In her personality and manner, there is a touch of beauty, dignity, love, innocece kindness and selflessness. She is kind-hearted, therefore she cannot see anybody in trouble. She is very intelligent. She knows the evil designers of black Michael, but she keeps her aloof from all sorts of intrigues and plots. As she has sympathetic nature therefore she advised Rassendyll to be aware of the tricks of Black Michael. She is true to her love. Even after Rassendyll leaves for England. She pines for his love and sends him a rose every year through Captain Fritz, as a token of her love.

Her Love and Sincerity: 

   She is the only female character in the novel who brings element of pare and unselfish love in the novel. Her character enlightens the gloomy atmosphere of the novel by bringing in the element of love and sincerity. On account of people wishes, she is to be married Rudolf Elphberg. But she enamored of the qualities and manners of Rassendyll. It is Rassendyll who infuses honest and pure love in her innocent heart. She loves Rassendyll not because he is a king because he commands real respect and her heart and love. In the end when she comes to knows the facts through Captain Fritz, she is shocked very much and swoon to see Rassendyll wounded and unconscious. She sacrifices her love for the ske of the people of Ruritania and for her family and marries Elphberg. It is rightly said love is the surpreme experience of life and when it is a sacrificed, it is certainly a supreme sacrifice.

As a Sensible Lady: 

   Princess Flavia enjoys great popularity among the people of Ruritania. She is kind and possesses good nature. She is sensible enough to know her duty towards her love and her country. She has full control over her passions. She sacrifices her sincere love for the sake of her country. As a sensible lady. She decides to marry Elphberg only to bring peace and joy to her country. She knows the difference between love and duty., love and position. Her  sensibility comes before  when she speaks. "Honour binds a woman too" Rassendyll lies  in being true to my country and my house. I do not know why God has let me love you, but i know that I must Stay.

Conclusion: 

   From the deep study of his character we come to the conclusion she has all good qualities of head and heart. She is not only beautiful but also intelligent and virtuous. She is a picture of true patriot. She sacrifices her love for the sake of her country. She is a marvelous creation of Anthony Hope.

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Madam Antoniette De Mauban - Character of The Novel (The Prisoner of Zenda)

Madam Antoniette de Mauban

Introduction: 

   Madam De Mauban is a rich window. She has very attractive and charming personality. She is not Ruritanian by birth, but she has came from Dresden. She moves in the fashionable circles of society and therefore very well know and popular among elites. Due to her beauty many people are ambitious to win her heart.

An ambitious and shrewd lady: 

   Madam de Mauban is an ambitious lady. She therefore wants to attain high position in life. She aspires to become queen, therefore she wants to marry Black Michael. But when she comes to know of Black Michael's hipocracy, deceit and ambition, she sides with Rudolf Rassendyll and the real king.

Her element of love: 

   She is perfect woman. She is jealous, ambition, selfish and impatient to win her love. When she learns that Duke Michael is flirt and wants to win hand of princess Flavia at all cost, she therefore sends a letter to Rassendyll to see her at the ' Summer house' and collect secret information from her about the captive king and evil designers of the Duke, In this way her jealousy plays a vital role in spoiling the game played by the Duke.

Conclusion: 

   From the study of her character, we come to conclusion that she thinks well before doing any thing. She loves Black Michael and is ambitious enough. She is prepared to do anything to serve her purpose, this lessens her greatness in the eyes of the readers. On the whole she is the complete picture of a woman. She is beautiful charming and has passion love.

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Black Michael - Character of The Novel (The Prisoner of Zenda)

Black Michael (Duke of Strelsan)

Introduction: 

     Black Michael is the villain in the noval. 'Prisoner of Zenda'. He is the half brother of the king. Rudolf Elphberg. He is not the legal heir to the  throne, because his mother belonged to low family. Therefore he is always busy to capture the throne. He is called Black Michael because of his black hair. While the king Rassendyll and Elphberg who belong to the royal family have red hair. His character is also black. Therefore, he is properly called Black Michael.

A very Wicked and Cruel person:

   Michael is very evil person. He does not love and respect his half brother. Rudolf Elphberg at all and tries to get the throne through his wicked plans. So, his employs rough to carry out his schemes. He wants to get Rassendyll murdered by his hirelings and compels him to leave Ruritania. He treats king in a very cruel manner and wants to kill him. This shows his wickedness and lust for power. He is very ambitious and brings about his ruin. His own companion Rupert kills him. Therefore it is evident that he meets his well-deserved end.

A Coward Person:
   Michael is clever but a coward person. He does not have courage to face Rassendyll directly. He nearly always sends his men to kill him or to offer bride. So he is coward and mischief manager. He cannot inspire confidence in his followers. He losses their confidence only because of his ill nature. He has such personality that no body loves him express Madam De Mauban, who loves his passionately and that is also because of  her ambitious, for she wants to be queen. But he exploits her love  and uses her only for his own benefit.
A Villain: 
    Michael is a villain out and out. He is one of those rogues who are born to feather their own nests and exploits and under its sway very few people play the deceiver. But Michael is exception to the general rules. He makes love to Mauban and gives her the promise of marriage but during the very time he tries to win princess Flavia so that his claim to the throne becomes stronger and valid. So, he is very mean person. He wants to kill Elpherg and Rassendyll to get the throne and for this purpose he keeps cut-throats in his castle. So he is rightly called a villain of the novel.
Selfish and Hypocrite: 
    Black Michael is a selfish and hypocrite person. He wants to marry Flavia, just to get the throne. He makes a false of love to king Rudolf to win his favors, but when he gets a chance, he harms him. He pretends to be in love with Madam De Mauban but only loves his own motives and deceives her.
Conclusion: 
   From the study of his character we come to conclusion that he is the most evil character of the novel and so, he is properly being called villain of the novel.

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Rudolf Elphberg - Character of The Novel (The Prisoner of Zenda)

Rudolf Elphberg

Introduction: 

    Rudolf Elphberg is the real king of Ruritania, and is half-brother of Black Michael, who makes him prisoner in the castle of Zenda. He is well-educated and has passed much of his time abroad. He is very fond of wine. When he sees wine before him, forgets every thing. That's why Black Michael succeeds in making him unconscious and then makes him prisoner in the castle. King Elphberg is a young man. He is handsome to look at all and tall and has good looking stature. The distinctive mark about him is that his hair is red in colour and sharp nose. He resembles Rassendyll in physical appearance, but mentally both are quite different.

A Care-free fellow: 

   Rudolf Elphberg is a happy go lucky type of young man, who wants to pass a care free life. He appears before us as a pleasure loving man, whose only interest is in eating, hunting and drinking wine. He also lacks courage, self-confidence and wisdom. He is so careless that he drinks a lot of wine on the eve of his coronation and fell unconscious. This shows that he has no understanding of the political affairs of the country and takes these affairs very lightly.

As a good friend: 

   Rudolf Elphberg cannot be called a bad man, because he has all the qualities of a good friend. He is sincere, hospitable and friendly. He is a very good man from the core of his heart. He is a pleasant tempered man, because when he is in the party with Rassendyll, sapt and fritz, he speaks in a friendly way and does not think himself a king but mingles with them frankly.

A True Lover: 

   The most important point in the character of Elphberg that deserves attention is his love for princess Flavia, his cousin. His love for her is pure and unselfish. He loves her because of her noble qualities of head heart.

Conclusion: 

   On the whole, Rudolf Elphberg is a gentleman and does not hurt any body's feelings. During the imprisonment he behaves rather weakly, but the end he shows his courage by helping Rassendyll in his efforts to release him from prison. He appreciates the efforts of Rassendyll and his companies, and also very grateful to them.

          So, through his simplicity he wants the sympathy of the readers.

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Pakistan And The Modern World (Summary)

Pakistan And The Modern World (Summary)

Author: Liaquat Ali Khan, the first Prime Minister of Pakistan, was the right hand man of Quaid-e-Azam, during the Muslim's struggle for the creation of Pakistan. He was a capable statesman and good orator. He was sincere good tempered patriot. He worked day and night for the welfare of Pakistan. In October 1951, he was assassinated by a fanatic, at a public meeting in Rawalpindi. He worked for the  achievement of Pakistan tirelessly. He had profound love for Pakistan. Undoubtedly he was the great hero of Pakistan.

Summary:

"Pakistan and the Modern world" is a Liaquat Ali khan's speech that he delivered at Kansas University, during his visit to U.S.A, when he got an honorary degree from the university.

Liaquat Ali khan, in his speech says that, Pakistan is a new country which came into being on 14th August 1947. Before partition Pakistan was a longing. It was the part of the vast sub-continent which was inhabited by a hundred million Muslims and three hundred million Hindus. The Hindus were in domination majority in the undivided British India. The Muslims feared that if India got freedom, they would perpetually had to lives as a minority they keft that under the animating majority of there to one, freedom from British rule would mean to them no freedom but just a change of masters. So, they demanded a separate state for the Muslims of sub-continent. There were religious and cultural differences between the Muslims and the Hindus. They feared that would never be able to pass their lives according to their religion and culture under the domination of Hindus. Moreover, the Muslims were backward economically. The economic system of Muslims was different from Hindus. So under these circumstances, Muslim's demand for a separate country was very reasonable. In most of the countries of Asia, there is constant discover and dissatisfaction, but Pakistan stands unified among these countries, for its people are free from mental confusion. They believe in the supreme sovereignty of God, democracy, universal peace, individual liberty and liberty of expression but equally strong belief in resisting aggression. Lyrancy and explosion. They established Pakistan for practising these beliefs. When Pakistan came into being, it had no resources. It had no capital and military equipment. It was allotted an army whose personal was spread far and wide. Its share of military equipment was not delivered to it. Within a couple of months of the creation of Pakistan, seven million homeless refugees were drive out of India. The Problem of rehabilitating then was also a big one. Had it not been the unity pf Pakistani es, they would have floundered. Due to the unity and determination of the people, these problems were solved and Pakistan made surprising progress. The Pakistanis have some duties to themselves. As a free nation, they must maintain their freedom. Freedom has no true value for common man, if it does not mean freedom from want, from disease and from ignorance. This is the man task which they must perform, if they want to take rightful position in the world. Having firm faith in the ideology of Pakistan, they must take make progress in the field of science and technology. Backward nations of Asia want to progress in every walk of life, so the western world must demonstrate that true democracy is international and it must allow them to share the great fund of knowledge, skill and experience. Without their progress world will not be able to walk properly. So Liaquat Ali Khan hoped that the Americans regards the emergence of the democracy of Pakistan and its progress and future development, as being of great importance in Asia, and stenght of Pakistan is a happy augury for peace.

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The Day The Dam Broken (Summary) For 2nd Year

The Day The Dam Broken (Summary) For 2nd Year

Author: James Groves Thurber is the prominent writ re of American. He is the humorists of modern times. Most of his writing shows an intense love for humanity and deep understanding of their character, behaviours and feelings. "The day the Dam Broke" is a good example of Thurber's sardonic but affectionate view of human being.

Summary: The author describes an interesting incident of his early childhood. In Colombo's town at Noon, on March 12, 1913, a rumour spread that Dam of Ohio river had been broken. It was a time when business was going on briskly. It was never known how and when the scare began, but within ten minutes every body became and seen running away from town. Giving the reasons of the move, he says, suddenly somebody began to run to the east. Perhaps he had to meet with his wife, for which he was frightfully late. Another man person, perphas a newsboy began to run in high spirit to the same side. Another man a portly gentleman of affairs, broke into a tarot and within short time every body started running to the east. The cry" Go East" has gone round, and without asking for any reason people were following it.
Black Streams of the people flowed eastward. Fireman, policeman and army officers in the uniform all joined the stream of the fleeing people. The mother of the writer flight against this calamity a very cal my. She turned out all the fire and took with her a dozen eggs and some laves of bread. She thought to take refuge in Memorial Hall, just two blocks away. But the mob of the people drew her and her family along and she could not reach the Hall.
The author also gave us the detail of the confused behaviour of an colonel, when he heard the cry of a child to go east he also began to run at full speed. The same panic was also found in the cinemas. The author says that his aunt was in the movie theatre, when she heard the sound of running feel and noise of shouting. An elderly man got out of his seat and went up the side at a dogtrot. This startled every body, a woman shouted "life" and then the panic started and some body cried. "The dam was broken" and every body began to run to the east. The author has also given as incident of Dr. Mallory, who heard the sound of the roaring water behind him and started running, but when he looked back to see the water he found that some funny boy was on roller skates. The panic lasted for only two hours when militiaman riding in motor lorries and bawling through megaphones That the dam had not broken and there was no reason for panic and for evacuating the city. Then the people returned to their hut sheepishly.

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