Inventions & Discoveries in Biology - 4

CONTRIBUTION	DISCOVERED/INVENTED BY
1.           Sex hormones	Eugen Stainak
2.           Sexuality in plants	Kolreuter
3.           Sickle cell anaemia: Traced mutation in Hb of sickle cell anaemia to a change in a particular amino acid	Ingram V.M (1956)
4.           Simple microscope	Anton van Leeuwenhoek
5.           Southern blotting	Southern E.M (1975)
6.           Sperm- discovered	Humm & Leeuwenhoek (1672)
7.           Sphaerosome	Pernes (1953)
8.           Spleen - Functions	Barcroft (1925)
9.           Spontaneous mutation in locus in maize	Stadler J
10.         Stethoscope	Laennec
11.         Streptomycin (antibiotic)	Selman Waksman (1944)
12.         Substrate & enzyme action form an enzyme-substrate complex	Michaelis L & Menton M (1913)
13.         Sulpha drugs	Domagk G.
14.         Synapse in the nervous system	Sherrington (1897)
15.         Test tube baby- first	Robert Edward & Patrick Steptoe
16.         Three-kingdom classification	Ernest Haeckel (1866)
17.         Thyroxin	Edward Calvin
18.         Tissue culture	Carrel A (1912)
19.         TMV (Tobacco Mosaic Virus)- discovered	Iwanowski
20.         TMV (Tobacco Mosaic Virus)- Isolated by crystallisation	Stanley W.M (1935)
21.         Totipotency of plant cells- Explained	Haberlandt (1902)
22.         Totipotency technique- First demonstrated	Steward (1950)
23.         Transmission of inheritance takes place through nucleus	Ernest Haeckel (1866)
24.         Trilaminar model of plasma membrane	Robertson J.D. (1959)
25.         Tubercle bacillus	Robert Koch (1882)
26.         Tuberculin test	Von Pirquet (1907)
27.         Turner’s syndrome	Turner (1938)
28.         Ultracentrifuge	Svedberg
29.         Vaccination- first	Edward Jenner
30.         Vaccine for Measles	John Enders
31.         Vaccine for small pox	Edward Jenner
32.         Viroid- First viroid	Diener T.O. (1971)
33.         Virus- reproduction	Delbruck, Hershey & Luria
34.         Virus, causing cancer in primates	Schidolvski D. (1973)
35.         Virus: Proved its existence	Ivanowsky (1892)
36.         Viruses crystallised & proved that these crystals can cause disease	W.M. Stanley (1935)
37.         Virusoid- First virusoid	Randles J.W. (1981)
38.         Vitamin	Funk (1911)
39.         Vitamin A	Mc Cullem and Davis
40.         Vitamin A- isolated	Holmus
41.         Vitamin B	Mc Cullem
42.         Vitamin B1	Ijac mann
43.         Vitamin B12	Ricker
44.         Vitamin B2	Warburg & Christian
45.         Vitamin B3	R.J. Williams
46.         Vitamin B5	C. Funk
47.         Vitamin B6	Goldberger
48.         Vitamin B7 (Biotin)	Vincent Du Vigneaud
49.         Vitamin B9	Day et al
50.         Vitamin C	Froilic Holst
51.         Vitamin D	Steenbock & Hess
52.         Vitamin E	Evans & Sore
53.         Vitamin K	Dam & Droisy
54.         Western blotting	Towbin (1979)
55.         Wheat- Cytology and genetics	Sears E.R (1948)
56.         X-rays	Roentgen (1895)
57.         Zymase, the first enzyme	Edward Buchner (1897; Germany)

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Inventions & Discoveries in Biology - 3

CONTRIBUTION	DISCOVERED/INVENTED BY
1.           Interrelationship b/w genetic diversity & natural selection- Established	Murray (1972)
2.           Isolated and synthesized 3 polypeptides involved in the control of the anterior pituitary gland	Roger Guilleinin & Andrew Schally (1977)
3.           Isotope tracing	Hevesy G. (1923)
4.           IUD (Intrauterine Devices) for contraception	Richter (1909)
5.           Jumping genes (Transposons)	Mc Clintock
6.           Karyogamy during fertilization	Hertwig
7.           Klinefelter’s syndrome	Klinefelter (1922)
8.           Krebs’s cycle (Citric acid cycle)	Hans A. Krebs (1937)
9.           Ladder of nature or Scala nature (Great Chain of Being)	Aristotle (B.C 384-322)
10.         Largest chromosome number is for Ophioglossum reticulatum	Ninan C.A (Keralite)
11.         Leydig cells (interstitial cells)	Franz von Leydig (Germany)
12.         Life comes from life- proved	Francesco Redi
13.         Linkage and crossing over	Thomas Hunt Morgan
14.         Linkage of hereditary units	Bateson and Punnet (1906)
15.         LSD	Albert Hoffmann
16.         Lysosomes- discovered & named	de Duve (1955)
17.         Malaria parasites grow as cysts in Anopheles mosquito	Ronald Ross (1897)
18.         Malarial parasite (in Algiers, North Africa); Cause of Malaria	Charles Laveran (1880; French army surgeon)
19.         Microtome	His (1870)
20.         Microtubules	Robertis and Francis
21.         Milk pasteurization	Louis Pasteur
22.         Mitochondria	Kolliker (1857). In 1888 he isolated them
23.         Mitochondria- Observed	Altmann and C. Benda (1897)
24.         Mitochondria- Separated from the cell	Bensley R.R & Hoerr H.L (1934)
25.         Mitochondria: Isolated by ultracentrifugation	Claude A (1941)
26.         Mitosis- first account	A. Schelder (1873)
27.         Monoclonal antibodies	Niels, Kochlar & Milstein
28.         Morphine	Frederick Sirturner
29.         Mosquitoes transmits Malaria- Hypothesis	Manson (1894)
30.         MRI	Purcell and Bloch (1952)
31.         Mutation on agricultural plants	Gustafsson (1947)
32.         Mycobacterium leprae & Leprosy	Hansen (1873; Norway)
33.         Negri bodies in brain cells (it is diagnostic of Rabies)	Negri (1903; Italy)
34.         New cells originate from pre-existing cells	Rudolf Virchow (1858)
35.         Nitrogen cycle	Helriegel & Wilfarth (1888)
36.         Nucleic acids- Discovered and isolated	Friedrich Miescher (1869; Switzerland)
37.         Nucleolus (observed nucleolus from the skin of an eel)	Fontana F (1781)
38.         Nucleoplasm	Strasburger
39.         Nucleoproteins- Isolated from the pus cells	Miescher F (1870)
40.         Nucleotide sequence of alanine tRNA molecule of yeast	Holley R.M (1964)
41.         Nucleus of cell	Robert Brown (1831)
42.         Nucleus: Role in heredity	Herwig O. & Strasburger E (1885)
43.         Nurse culture technique (cellular totipotency)	Muir et al
44.         Oogenesis and spermatogenesis- Described	Boveri T. (1888)
45.         Oparin- Haldane theory: Experimentally proved	Harold C. Urey and Stanley Miller (1953)
46.         Open heart surgery	Walton Lillehal
47.         Origin of life on earth	Oparin A.I
48.         Ovarian follicle, mammal or human	R.V Graaf
49.         Ovary human- first described	Herophilus
50.         Ovum- Mammalian	Karl Von Baer (1827)
51.         Oxygen is released during photosynthesis	Priestly J & Ingenhouz J (1772)
52.         Paper chromatography (PPC)	Izmallow and Schraiber (1938)
53.         Parthenogenesis- Natural	Charles Bonnet (1745)
54.         Patau’s syndrome	Patau K.
55.         Penicillin	Alexander Fleming (1928)
56.         Phagocytosis: Role in immunity	Metchiinkoff (1882)
57.         Phase contrast microscope	Zernike (1955)
58.         Phosphocreatine: Role in muscle contraction	Eggleton (1927)
59.         Photophosphorylation in chloroplast	Arnon
60.         Phototherapy	Finsen N.R.
61.         Phylogeny: Molecular approach	Florkin M (1966)
62.         Pinocytosis	Lewis W.H (1931)
63.         Pituitary gland: Role in carbohydrate metabolism	Houssay (1924)
64.         Plague vaccine in India (as prophylactic measure against plague)	Haffkine (1898)
65.         Plants are made of cells	Shleiden M.J
66.         Plants have life	Boss J.C.
67.         Plastids	Ernest Haeckel (1866)
68.         Polio vaccine	Salk J. and Sabin (1957)
69.         Polymorphism and taxonomy	Ford E.B (1940)
70.         Poriferans (sponges) are animals	Ellis
71.         Presence of cristae in mitochondria- Showed	Palade G.E (1952)
72.         Prion	Prusiner (1997)
73.         Process of life	Romer A.S (1972)
74.         Proteinoid microsphere- Produced	Sydney Fox (1950)
75.         Protoplasm is a living matter in protozoans	Felix Dujardin (1835)
76.         Pteramycin	Finlay
77.         Purines and pyrimidines are equal amount in DNA	Chargaff E. (1950)
78.         Pyrosomes- Identified	Duve C. De (1952)
79.         Quantasomes in chloroplast	Park and Pon (1960)
80.         Quantitative inheritance	Koelreuter J.G (1763)
81.         Radioimmuno assay technique for the estimation of blood hormones	Rosalyn Talow (1977)
82.         RBC Described	Swammerdam (1658)
83.         Recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology	Cohen & Boyer (1973)
84.         Recombinant DNA- First	Berg P. (1972)
85.         Reflex action Concept	Hall (18330
86.         Regeneration in Hydra & Sponge	Trambli, Vilson
87.         Regulatory genes	Jacob F and Monod (1961)
88.         Relationship between lactic acid and muscle contraction	Hopkins (1907)
89.         Reproductive system in flower	Grew (1682)
90.         Reserpine	Jall Vakil
91.         Respiration in animals - Showed its nature	Lavoisier (1778)
92.         Restriction endonuclease  enzymes	Daniel Nathans, Hamilton O. Smith & Werner Arber (1978)
93.         Rh factor in blood	Land Steiner and Weiner (1940)
94.         Ribosomes (Animal cell)	Palade
95.         RNA directed DNA synthesis in some tumor viruses	Temin H.M (1963)
96.         RNA: Role in protein synthesis	Casperssoni and Brachet (1950)
97.         Role of environment on the Inheritance of acquired characters	Buffon
98.         Rust resistance high yielding wheat varieties	Borloug (1970)
99.         Sertoli cells	Enricho Sertoli (Italy)
100.      Sex chromosomes in grasshopper	Mc Clung C.E (1902)

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