Comparison between inorganic catalysts and enzymes

Inorganic catalysts	Enzymes
1.      They are mineral ions or small molecules	They are globular proteins
2.      They can promote diverse reaction	They can promote a specific reaction of a substrate
3.      They are not regulated by any regulator molecules	They are regulated by specific molecules
4.      They are less sensitive to temperature and pH	More sensitive to temperature and pH
5.      They are not synthesized in the living cells	They are synthesized by ribosomes in the living cells

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Comparison between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids

Saturated fatty acids	Unsaturated fatty acids
1.         They do not possess any double bond in their carbon chains	They possess one or more double bonds in their carbon chains
2.         They are straight chains	They have bend or kink at the double bond
3.         They have higher melting point than the unsaturated fatty acids	Lower melting point
4.         They are solid at ordinary temperature	They are liquid at ordinary temperature
5.         They occur in most animal fats	They occur in most plant fats
6.         Hydrogenation has no effect on saturated fatty acids	Hydrogenation convert unsaturated fatty acids into saturated ones

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BIOCHEMICAL DATA OF SERUM

Component	Normal value
Blood sugar level	Fasting: 65-100 mg/dl (100 ml) Post Prandial: 80-140 mg/100 ml Random: 80-140 mg/100 ml
Blood urea	10-50 mg/ 100 ml
Serum creatinine	0.50- 1.50 mg/100 ml
Uric acid	2.5-7.5 mg/100 ml
Copper	100-200 mg/100 ml
Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH)	90-260µ/ ml
Total cholesterol	150-250 mg/100ml
Total lipids	400-700 mg/100ml
Triglycerides	40-170 mg/100 ml
High density lipids (HDL)	30-70 mg/100 ml
Low density lipids (LDL)	150 mg/100 ml
Very low density lipid (VLDL)	30 mg/100 ml
Serum bilirubin (Total)	0.2- 1.2 mg/100 ml
Serum bilirubin (direct)	0.00- 0.25 mg/100 ml
Serum bilirubin (Indirect)	0.2- 0.7 mg/100 ml
Alkaline phosphtase	60-170 iu /L
Creatine phosphokinase (CPK)	Female: 10-37 units/l
Serum proteins (Total)	5.5-8 gm/100 ml
Albumin	3.5-5 gm/100 ml
Globulin	2.3-3.5 gm/100 ml
Albumin- Globulin ratio	1.5:1 to 2.5:1
Chloride	9.8-109 mmol/L
Sodium	135-155 mmol/L
Potassium	3.5-5.5 mmol/L
Phosphorous	3.5-5.6 mg/100 ml
Magnesium	1.25-2.5 mg/100 ml
Serum amylase	0.7-25µ/ 100ml
Acid phosphatase	Female: 0.01-0.56 µ/ ml Male: 0.13-0.63 µ/ ml
Calcium	8.5-10.5 mg/100 ml
Serum transaminase	Serum gluco oxytransaminase (SGOT): 10-40µ/ml
	Serum gluco phosphotransaminase (SGPT): 6-36 µ/ ml
GGTP	Female: 5-29 unit/L Male: 5-38 unit/L
Amylase	4-25 µ/ ml
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)	8-25 mg/ ml

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Haematological data

Component	Normal value
Haemoglobin	Female	12- 16 gm%
	Male	14-18 gm%
	Infants	14-20 gm%
Total leucocyte count (TLC)		4000-11000/ mm3
Differential leucocyte count (DLC)	Neutrophil	40-70 %
	Lymphocytes	20-40 %
	Monocytes	2-10 %
	Eosinophils	1-6%
	Basophils	0-1%
Total erythrocyte count (TRBC)	Male	4.5- 6.5 lac/ mm3
	Female	4.1-4.8 lac/ mm3
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate  (ESR)	Male	0- 9/15 mm/hr
	Female	0- 15/20 mm/hr
Platelet count	1.5- 4.0 lacs/ mm3
Haematocrit	Male	40- 54
	Female	37- 47
Bleeding time		1-3 minutes
Clotting time		3- 7 min
Blood volume (8.5- 9.0% of body w.t)	Male	5-6 litres
	Female	4-5 litres
Blood pressure	Systolic	120-130 mm Hg
	Diastolic	80-90 mm Hg

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Vitamins: Sources, Functions, Deficiency diseases -1

Fat Soluble Vitamins

Vitamins	Discovered by	Daily requirement	Sources	Functions	Deficiency
Vitamin A (Retinol, carotenoid, anti- xerophthalmic vitamin, vitamin of growth)	Mc Collum & Davis (isolated by Holmus)	2 mg	Carrots, pumpkin, sweet potatoes, tomato, yellow coloured fruits, pink grape fruits, apricots, leafy vegetables (Animals synthesize this vitamin from carotene. So it is called Provitamin A. Fish liver oil, butter, egg yolk, milk, cod liver oil, ghee	Synthesis of muco- polysaccharides so important for body growth. Maintain integrity and secretory activity of epithelial glandular cells. Night vision	Nyctalopia (Henerolopia) Xerophthalmia Dermatitis Increased susceptibility to infection and cancer Keratomalacia (Toad’s skin) Stunted growth Sterility
Vitamin D (Antirachitic vitamin, alciferol, sunshine vitamin 5 forms: D1, D2, D3, D4, D5	Steenbock & Hess	0.01 mg	Fish liver oil, butter, milk, egg, cheese, margarine, cream, oysters & cereals. Synthesized in skin from ergosterol (Provitamin D)	Ca/ P balance Increase absorption of Ca from intestine.	Rickets (in children) Osteomalacia (Especially in pregnant woman)
Vitamin E (Tocopherol, antisterility vitamin, fertility factor, beauty vitamin) 3 forms: α, β & γ	Evans & Sore	15 mg	Wheat germ, corn, nuts, seeds, olives, spinach, asparagus, leafy vegetables, vegetable oils, and their products, margarine, cotton seed oils	Antioxidant and prevents oxidative destruction of other vitamins (E.g. vit.K) Prevents formation of unsaturated fatty acids so prevents brown pigmentation Normal working of gonads Normal child birth Removes wrinkles of skin, scars	Sterility
Vitamin K (Phylloquinone/ antihaemerrhagic vitamin) 3 forms: K1(phylloquinone) K2(menaquinone) K3 (mandione)	Dam & Droisy	0.07-0.14 mg	Cabbage, cauliflower, spinach, soyabeans, cereals, liver, egg yolk. K2 - by intestinal bacteria K3 - synthetic form.	Formation of prothrombin from liver cells Blood coagulation Acts as coenzyme Q and participates in ETC.	Profuse bleeding (Haemerrhage)

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