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The Meselson Stahl Experiment - Biology

The three hypothesis of Dna replication were evaluated by Mathew Meselson and Franklin Stahl of the California Institute of Technology in 1958.       The grew bacteria in a medium containing heavy isotope of nitrogen, N15 which became incorporated into the bases of the bacterial DNA.       After several generations, the DNA of these bacteria denser than that of bacteria grown in a medium containing the isotope of nitrogen, N14        Meselson and Stahl then, tranferred the bacteria...

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Biosphere

Biosphere is a thin layer of earth in which all living organism exist. Organisms within the biosphere not only adapt to the environment but also interact to modify and control chemical and physical conditions of the biosphere. An organism lives in a habitat.     Biosphere is spread out over the surface of planet earth extending about 8/10 kilometers in the upper reaches of atmosphere and also in same distance into the depths of oceans.     An organism responds to a variety of environment factors, and only when...

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Migration to Abyssinia

The hardships and suffering of the Muslims increased. The Holy Prophet therefore, gave permission to a group of Muslims to migrate to Abyssinia. Accordingly in the fith year of prophethood, a group of eleven men and four women secretly left Abyssinia. These included Hazrat Usman and his wife Ruqayya, daughter of the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H). Then followed another group of seventy-nine men and seven women including Hazrat Jafar, son of Abu Talib.        Najashi, the Christian king of Abyssinia treated the Muslims with...

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Preaching By The Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)

The revelations stopped for some time. The Holy Prophet passed this time in restlessness and anxiety, until one day, he saw angel Jibrael again, in the sky seated on a chair. The Holy Prophet became frightened and rushed home. He asked Khadija to cover him up. She covered him up, after which he received another revelation which said:     "O thou wrapped up (in a mantle)!Arise and deliver thy warning!And thy Lord do thou magnify." (74: 1-3)    In obedience to the command of Allah, the Holy Prophet invited his friends...

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Call to Prophethood - Life of Makkah

With age and growing understanding Hazrat Muhammad became more aware of the corrupt society around him and it disturbed him greatly. He could not believe the polytheistic ideas of the pagans of Makkah and often thought of God of his forefathers, Ibrahim and Ismail. He did not follow any particular method of worship, beacuse he was not aware of any, but he realized that there is a force of truth beyond this world which must have power and control over the whole universe.    A few years before the conferment of prophethood, he became...

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Fruit Set & Fruit Ripening

Germinating pollen grain is not only in important structure for safe transfer of gametes and insurance for fertilization but also a rich source of auxis as well as commonly stimulating the tissues of the style and ovary to produce move auxin. This auxin is necessary for fruit set i.e. retention of the ovary, which becomes the fruit after fertilization. Without it abscission of flowers normally occurs, leading to low fruit yields.Fruit Ripening:      After fertilization the ovary and the ripe seeds continue to produce auxins...

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Fixing of Black Stone (Hajra al-Aswad) - Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)

 The Ka'abah is situated at the lowest part in the valley of Faran and was always flooded by rain water. The people of Makkah tried various methods to stop this flooding. But all their efforts failed and the building was damaged by floods. They therefore, deciced to rebuild it. The task of rebuilding the Ka'abah was divided among the leading families of Makkah and the work was completed in harmony, without any dispute. But when the time came to place the black stone or Hajr -al- Aswad in its proper place, a dispute arose among...

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Locomotion In Paramecium

Locomotion in Paramecium:     The body of a paramecium is covered all over by a large number of short thread like extensions, of plasma membrane, called cilia. The locomotion in paramecium takes place by the beating of these cilia and hence is called ciliary movement. Locomotion is brought about by alternate power strokes and backward power stroke of hundreds of these cilia push body forwa...

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Locomotion in Cockroach: Locomotion in arthropods is brought about by the interaction of the muscular and exoskeletal system of its jointed legs. The legs act as efficient levers and make the movement much more fast and swift. In cockroach muscles are attached to the inside of exoskeleton of legs. These anatagonistic muscles work in opposition to one another. Contraction of these flexor and extensor muscles move the appendages and the animal. The swift and fast movement of an arthropoda makes it better adapted to catch a prey and escape a prdator, a key to their success which resulted in their wide spread distribution. Cockroach like many other insects is blessed with wings for flight adding a lot of their mobility. Locomotion-in-cockroach(learn-4-future.blogspot.com)

Locomotion In Protozoa:           Locomotion in Protozoa, a group of protoctists is usually carried out by appendages like outgrowths of the cell body. These are of three types i.e. Pseudopodia in Amoeba, Cilia in paramecium and flagella in Eugle...

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Locomotion In Amoeba

Locomotion In Amoeba:      Locomotion in Amoeba is called amoeboid movement and takes place by the help of pesudopodia which are temporarily formed finger like projections of cytoplasm. A pseudopodium, formed in the direction of movement, attaches to the substratum and by a contractile process whole cytoplasm flows into it. A fresh pseudopodium is formed father off in the same direction and cytoplasm is now pulled into it. The Amoeba thus moves in that direction by continuously...

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Locomotion In Cockroach

Locomotion in Cockroach:     Locomotion in arthropods is brought about by the interaction of the muscular and exoskeletal system of its jointed legs. The legs act as efficient levers and make the movement much more fast and swift. In cockroach muscles are attached to the inside of exoskeleton of legs. These anatagonistic muscles work in opposition to one another. Contraction of these flexor and extensor muscles move the appendages and the animal. The swift and fast movement...

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Locomotion In Earthworm

Locomotion in Earthworm:      Earthworms, being terrestrial, are adapted to locomotion in soil. Their movement is brought about by the contraction of two sets of muscles and their body fluid, serving as a hydrostatic skeleton. Contraction of longitudinal muscles shortens the body and contraction of circular muscles lengthens (elongation) the body. As a result of interaction of muscles contractions and compressed body fluid an earthworms crawls.    ...

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Locomotion In Star fish

 Locomotion In Star fish:     In Star fish locomotion in controlled by a special water vascular system. Water is drawn into the body through a small opening in the central disc and is passed through a ring canal to five radial canals one running along each arm. Along each of these cannals a large number of hollow, muscular tube feet are present. The upper part of a tube foot, connected with the canal, is a bulb shaped ampulla whereas its bottom part is a sucker. When...

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Locomotion In Snail

Locomotion in Snail:       Locomotion is snail, like other molluscs, takes place by a specialized organ, the foot. Snail moves by the contractions of muscles underside the foot. These contractions are brought about under the influence of hydrostatic pressure of the body fluid. The waves of contraction from front to rear push the animal forward. This movement is made easy by a slimy secretion of the mucuous gland poured in front of the foot and animal virtually slips forward....

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Locomotion In Animalia

Locomotion in Animalia:      Locomotory organs of animals are built on a quite different plan than those of the protoctists. Instead of being appendages of a single cell, the locomotory organs of animals are far more developed and work by the co-ordinated action of muscles and skelet...

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Locomotion In Jelly Fish

Locomotion in Jelly fish:       A jelly fish has an umbrella shaped body which floats freely on water or swims by contracting its muscle cells forcing the water powerfully out of its mouth and umbrella to create a jet propulsion effect. The jelly fish moves in jerks in the direction opposite to the expelled water.&nb...

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Locomotion In Euglena

Locomotion in Euglena:       The locomotory organelles in Euglena are flagella and the movement brought about by flagella is called flagellary movement. The flagella are structurally similar to the cilia with the difference that the flagella are very few, if not single, relatively larger in size and beat in a whip like fashion. Locomotion in brought about by the alternate right and left power strokes and recovery strok...

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Locomotion In Amoeba

Locomotion In Amoeba:      Locomotion in Amoeba is called amoeboid movement and takes place by the help of pesudopodia which are temporarily formed finger like projections of cytoplasm. A pseudopodium, formed in the direction of movement, attaches to the substratum and by a contractile process whole cytoplasm flows into it. A fresh pseudopodium is formed father off in the same direction and cytoplasm is now pulled into it. The Amoeba thus moves in that direction by continuously...

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Locomotion In Paramecium

Locomotion in Paramecium:     The body of a paramecium is covered all over by a large number of short thread like extensions, of plasma membrane, called cilia. The locomotion in paramecium takes place by the beating of these cilia and hence is called ciliary movement. Locomotion is brought about by alternate power strokes and backward power stroke of hundreds of these cilia push body forwa...

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Locomotion In Protozoa - Locomotion

Locomotion In Protozoa:           Locomotion in Protozoa, a group of protoctists is usually carried out by appendages like outgrowths of the cell body. These are of three types i.e. Pseudopodia in Amoeba, Cilia in paramecium and flagella in Eugle...

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