SCIENTIFIC METHOD

 SCIENTIFIC METHOD:

The specific method of promoting the knowledge is called scientific method.

OR

The method which is used for finding the truth is known as scientific method.

  The main components of scientific method are given below:

1)                     Observation:

It means to examine carefully an event or the natural processes.

2)                     Accurate Measurement:

The 2_nd step is to record accurate experimental data. In this way the correctness of data is judged by a number of research workers.

3)                     Analysis:

Analysis starts form the recorded data. An effort is made to find out the causes of the event and to look for a relationship among the various physical quantities effective in the event.

4)                     Hypothesis:

Based on analysis a few number of assumptions are made to explain the observed event. This step is called hypothesis. Hypothesis may be true or false.

5)                     Experiment:

In order to check the hypothesis an organized process is performed called experiment.

6)                     Theory:

A hypothesis that is successful but not tested by different experiments is called theory.

7)                     Prediction:

A theory is analyzed carefully and then, certain prediction is made about any unknown aspect of nature.

8)                     Law:

The prediction is verified through a series of new experiments. If it is found to be correct then such theory becomes a law.

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CONTRIBUTIONS OF MUSLIM SCIENTISTS

CONTRIBUTIONS OF MUSLIM SCIENTISTS:

             The Muslim scientists have played an important role in the field of science and technology. They dominated the field of science from 800 – 1100 AD. A brief discussion about their role is given below.

  1) IBNAL-HAITHAM:

i)                    Al-Haitham was born in Basra (Iraq) in 965 AD.

ii)                  He was an expert of physics, mathematic, engineering, medicine and astronomy.

iii)                He fro the first time told that light is a form of energy.

iv)                A simple camera was first of all invented by him.

v)                  Laws of reflection of light were proposed by him.

vi)                He refuted the then existed theory of Ptolemy and Euclid about.

vii)              He also did much work on human eye.

viii)            He differentiated luminous and non luminous, opaque and transparent objects.

ix)                The name of his famous book is Kitab-ul-Manazir.

  2) AL-BERUNI:

i)                    Al-Beruni was born in Berun (Afghanistan) in 937 AD.

ii)                  He was a great scholar of diverse subjects such as physics, chemistry, cosmology, geology, archeology, biology etc.

iii)                He did work on the movement of earth and sun.

iv)                He studied the phases of moon and the motion of the then known planets.

v)                  He explained the method of finding circumference of the earth. he explained to find the  densities of various metals.

vi)                The name of his famous book is Qanoom-al-Masudi.

vii)              The revealed that the Indus valley was once a part of the ocean, which is gradually filled by mud. This theory has now been confirmed by modern geologists.

viii)            He wrote more than 150 books.

  3) DR. ABDUL QADEER KHAN:

i)                    He was born at Bhopal (India) on April 1_st 1936.

ii)                  He got M.Sc technology degree from Holland.

iii)                He got Ph.D degree from Leven University Belgium.

iv)                .he served as an expert with the collaboration of the government of Holland in the Ureno Enrichment plant.

v)                  Pakistan became a nuclear power under his supervision.

vi)                In appreciation of his services, the engineering research laboratory Islamabad is renamed as A.Q.Khan laboratories.

vii)              Moreover he was awarded with Tamgha- i-Imtiaz.

  4) PROFESSOR DR. ABDUSSALAM:

i)                    He was born at Jhang in Punjab in 1926.

ii)                  He studied in Government College Lahore.

iii)                He was awarded scholarship for advance studied in U.K.

iv)                He was awarded Nobel Prize in physics in 1979 for his grand unification theory.

v)                  His research work was on combining two forces i.e. weak nuclear force and strong electromagnetic force.

vi)                He established the international centre for theoretical physics at Trieste, Italy.

vii)              He died in 1996 and was buried in his hometown, Jhang, Pakistan.

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